Biofouling, or biological fouling, is the unwanted accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, or small animals on surfaces such as ship hulls, water inlets, pipes, and other equipment. This accumulation, called epibiosis when occurring on other organisms without a parasitic relationship, can degrade the functionality of these surfaces and devices. Biofouling can happen anywhere water is present, affecting industries such as marine transport, medical devices, paper manufacturing, food processing, underwater construction, and desalination plants.